![]() To begin building your organization's presence on AKO 2.0, please assign an AKO community point of contact and email that information to: Be on the lookout for future announcements regarding community training sessions these announcements will be shared on the AKO portal and via social media.Ĭurrent users take note! AKO 1.0 known as AKO Classic, will sunset in early 2019 and the full functionality of the Classic portal will no longer be available. But now we're adding customized content relevant to individual users, Army training videos, and the ability to securely store and easily share files across the Army."ĮC2M is the product office charged with implementing AKO 2.0.ĪKO 2.0 will deliver "the right user experience" based on if the user is military, contractor or civilian providing content that's relevant to the right user at the right time.Ĭommunities will be an important part of AKO 2.0 and CIO/G-6 intends all Army units and organizations to have a presence on AKO 2.0 to facilitate and encourage collaboration online. "While AKO 2.0 might seem very different at first sight, the Army has always used AKO to support its Soldiers, civilians and contractors with an enterprise portal with capabilities and functionality," said Sarah Bearden, the product lead for Enterprise Content Collaboration and Messaging (EC2M). "In the world of Army information technology, we are constantly modernizing and updating our platforms to provide cutting edge web-based services to our Soldiers, the Army workforce and the extended Army Community, anytime from anywhere." said Tom Neff, the project director for Enterprise Services, the project office that oversees the new AKO implementation.Īdditionally, AKO 2.0 will allow soldiers and commands the ability to conduct all their Army business, both personal and organizational, including access to medical records, training records, education records, etc. The new AKO, called AKO 2.0, offers a more mobile-friendly and contemporary look and feel, modern navigation, the first-ever Army Directory linking users to Army organizations and a home page that presents information specific to military personnel, DOD civilians and contractors.Īside from a new look, AKO 2.0 will have a robust and improved search functionality coupled with a responsive design to match the device a user is on, including mobile devices. 25, 2019) - Contrary to popular belief, Army Knowledge Online (AKO) is NOT going away - it is modernizing and upgrading, with new and improved features to accommodate today's Army. The new AKO, called AKO 2.0, offers a more mobile-friendly and contemporary look and feel, modern navigation, the first-ever Army Directory linking users to Army organizations and a home page that presents information specific to military personnel. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL 2 / 2 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Groups – Groups on AKO/DKO are used to control access and maintain lists of user groups.1 / 2 Show Caption + Hide Caption – (Photo Credit: U.S.
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Of her creation of the drink Cook remarked: In the mid 1980’s they came across bartender Cheryl Cook, who was working the stick at South Beach’s Strand Restaurant. Hoping to market the spirit primarily to women, Absolut approached female bartenders in Miami enlisting them to create a girly cocktail featuring the product. Some accounts state that the drink was first created as part of a marketing ploy by Absolut vodka to sell their new ‘Absolut Citron’, lemon-flavoured vodka. Here’s what you need to do a Cosmopolitan justice, beyond what you might be able to dig out of the fridge or cupboard.Like so many famous classics the Cosmopolitan’s history is muddy and seeped in speculation. If you're in the mood for a much-mocked cocktail of the past that's deserving of more respect, we can point you towards the Long Island Iced Tea or the Alabama Slammer. The Cosmopolitan was built on the back of the Kamikaze (vodka, lime, and Triple Sec) and the Daisy ( gin or tequila or brandy, some kind of flavor enhancing liqueur, some kind of citrus) and the Cape Codder (vodka, lime, cranberry juice, and club soda). It's not so popular anymore, but then again, we as a society aren't as fun and flirty as we once were. Either way, the cocktail was fun, it was flirty, and drinkers were fanatic about it by the '90s. There are more stories of people tweaking and disseminating Cosmo culture. His version used Absolut Citron, Cointreau, fresh lime juice, and cranberry juice. Another bartender credited with popularizing the Cosmo, Toby Cecchini, said he was shown a San Francisco version of the drink in 1988, found it disgusting, and rejiggered it for his bar in Manhattan. Bartender John Caine, who's often cited as the guy who made the Cosmo big, told Punch that the drink had ties to the gay community he himself first came across it in Cleveland and transported the recipe (vodka, triple sec, Rose's lime juice, and Ocean Spray cranberry juice) across the country with him to San Francisco in 1987, where it blew up. There are quite a few folks laying claim to the invention of the Cosmopolitan-or rather, popularizing a Cosmo that was more palatable than the version that had popped up in the late '70s or early '80s. Just note: Any comments about its "girly-ness" are outrageous liquor is nothing if not all-inclusive. Some recipes call for citrus-flavored vodka, but unflavored vodka works just fine. And if you do happen to be mixing it in the privacy of your home, well, that sounds like one hell of a night to party solo. You don't order (or make) a Cosmo if you're trying to be low-key. ![]() ![]() And its look-rich pink liquid, Martini glassware-is undeniable bold. ![]() ![]() Let us let go of that association.Īs it stands, a Cosmo is a partly sweet, partly tart cocktail that all together tastes as electric as it looks. And while yes, the show is still hugely present in the lives of metropolitan dwellers everywhere (including very proudly myself), and yes, one of its stars did reinvigorate the SATC conversation by marshaling up a progressive gubernatorial candidacy in New York in 2018 (we're all Miranda wannabes now), there's more to the Cosmopolitan than this HBO relic. For the love of god: Sex and the City happened two decades ago. ![]() Fifth Wheel: Voltage 3615įifth wheels are the best motorhome options for those looking for the RV experience while towing their motorhome and storing goods inside it. This unit also comes with a moderate-sized bathroom that houses a corner shower, toilet, and wash hand basin with a mirror. The bedroom has a large bed for two and a shelf to store all your accessories and everyday items. Across from the compact kitchen is a small dining room, and next to the kitchen is a comfortable living room with recliners, a television, and a fireplace. There is a fridge, microwave, and three-burner stove, as well as ample lighting. The motorhome kitchen features a center island with sink and countertop space as there are more cupboards and countertop adjacent and across from the center island. Inside the living area, you will find that the lounge kitchen and dining room are all open plan, with each section fits seamlessly with the next. This motorhome theme is shades of brown, white, and nude with an ambient cool tone feel the travel trailer inspires peace and tranquility. This travel trailer is built to industry standards and comes in a length of 33 feet and 7 inches with a gross weight of 6,502 pounds.Īdditionally, the Kodiak Ultimate can sleep 3 to 4 people. If you’re looking for a travel trailer that is spacious, elegant, and well thought out, then the Kodiak 2921FKDS camper trailer from Ultimate RVs might be the ideal choice for you. Moreover, this toy hauler also has numerous compartment storage areas and a bathroom. The lounge is very spacious with a comfortable three-seater sofa couch and a u-shaped dinette with leather cushioned seating. ![]() Additionally, the second bedroom comes with two bunk beds and is private with a lockable bedroom door. The master bedroom has a lovely large bedroom with a queen-sized bed and side tables, and overhead cabinetry. There are also modern appliances such as a fridge, stove, and microwave. The kitchen has beautiful white countertops with a marble effect and a large sink for convenience. The interior theme is done in shades of white, dark wood, and grey tone accents. With a length of 28 feet and 11 inches, this toy hauler has adequate garage space for all your outdoor activity items and a gorgeous indoor living area. The Coleman Lantern 242BH is lightweight at under 6,000 pounds, and it can sleep between 4 and 6 people, which makes it ideal for large families and groups of friends. Over the years, Dutchmen has put a lot of thought into the various toy haulers they offer. Toy haulers are a great addition to those who like to take their outdoor equipment with them when they travel. We will take a look at a few of the brands they offer in each category: Toy Hauler: Coleman Lantern 242BH ![]() ![]() The popular Dutchmen motorhome company produces fifth wheels, travel trailers, and toy haulers. What Types and Sizes of RVs Do Dutchmen Produce? The company has remained a subsidiary of Thor Industries ever since they acquired Dutchmen. In 1991 the Dutchmen motorhome manufacturer was purchased by Thor Industries. The company by 1990 became the second-largest manufacturer of fifth wheels and travel trailers in the whole of America. With the quality offered and the affordable price range, the company quickly attained a large retail market share. The company began as an RV manufacturer specializing in entry-level towables that were competitively priced for the industry. In 1988 the Dutchmen motorhome company was founded by Dave Hoefer, Larry Schrock, and Glen Sylvester. The Dutchmen RV company manufactures their range of towable motorhomes at their manufacturing plant in Goshen, Indiana, in America. Aspen Trail 1600RB And 1700BH Travel Trailer Floorplans:.What Are The Most Popular RVs by Dutchmen? Travel Trailer: Kodiak Ultimate 2921FKDS.Here’s an Interesting Fact About Dutchman RVs:. ![]() Stage 2 Omanawkwa Steelhoof starts out casting Vulnerable Shield Slam Shield Throw Shield Throw Steelhoof Ancestor Stage 1 Damrul the Stronk in which casts the following abilities Rampage Drogbar Idol Thunder Clap Thunder Clap Speak to him again when you are ready to beginīe sure to avoid any and all objects on the ground and interrupt whenever possible to reduce damage taken. ![]() Once you speak with Odyn he will give you The Trial of Rage quest/scenario. now run over and take the Warrior Class Hall portal & speak to Odyn to move on to the next Please, please make this achievement Account-WIDE.Ĭomment by ModishVisionObtaining Iron Reins of the Bloodthirsty War Wyrm Warrior Class Mount as a Fury WarriorĪs you complete the LegionFall Campaign & earn Breaching the TombĪccept the quest A Godly Invitation on the broken shore /way 43.7, 63.1. We worked diligently for the ability to fly on your Broken Isles. This game is easily starting to skip my mind on $15 bills to pay each month. Stacking daily work on top of daily work is cruel. Where is the reputation make-up items you gave us for the reputations of Pandaria, that was a great idea, please do that here. Where is the fantasy in ticking off 180 objectives for my 12 separate Breaching the Tomb achievements?Īll that work was just for the ability to unlock the quests needed to begin each of the 12 fantasy quests for the 12 class mounts. I understand the fantasy of unearthing your Artifact weapon when Legion began, that game fantasy is terrific, great win Blizzard! :) So now I discover I have to do 15/15 items of Breaching The Tomb achievement 12 TIMES! If they fix/nerf this (or better yet make this achievement account-wide and skippable) I'll delete or update this comment.Ĭomment by tabitreaderI have 12 classes on my server, so now I discover that the Flying achievements Part 1 & 2 were Account-Wide. This has happened so far on 3 toons for me, though I saw no mention of it elsewhere. Since Shadowlands pre-patch you can use Chromie Time scaling to start Legion and your class hall way under level, but you will be gated at some point where the 'Glorious Campaign' or 'Breaching the Tomb' quests won't appear until you hit 45. I have not personally verified, Felt important to update) (Edited to Update after SL based on below comment. Complete your classes quest chain to the end (when you receive the achievement and Title for your class) and the next set of quests will open up and you shouldn't have any more dead zones. You DO need to complete this Achievement on every Alt in order to get the class hall mount.Īlso, if you have not yet completed your class specific quest lines you will hit a dead spot about halfway through the Achievement where there will be no quests given out on Broken Shore. Oopsie.Ĭomment by RiggedReaverAs a heads up to anyone who, like me, has multiple Alts. Maybe get to exalted? Nah, just Order Hall stuff. Nope just chests.Ĭhampioning Our Cause - Rep related, most likely. Relieved of Their Valuables - Probably somethign related to Wyrmtongue chests. Shard Times - Give 2500 shards and get all but 1 back. Strike Them Down - "Kill 100 demons.err, again! yeah!" Intolerable Infestation - "Kill 100 demons.again!" Mark of the Sentinax - Kill demons under sentinax for 100 "marks". Vengeance Point - talk to dude and kill few demons, available since week 1Ĭhampions of Legionfall - Actual story for getting your new follower! List of parts that are just "do stuff you normally do":īegin Construction - talk to dude to help build a thing, available since week 1 Comment by IceleafThese are weekly series of quests on broken shore.Īs personal opinion, most of these seem very lackluster and really makes me wonder why are they timegated. ![]() It is therefore not surprising that our research found 75 different models of putter being used by the best players on the Tour. ![]() If the top golfers on the PGA Tour want a new putter they simply have to wander to the nearest tour performance truck of one of the main manufacturers and they will be able to pick up and test out whatever model they want. TaylorMade’s Spider X was the most popular putter among the top 100 PGA Tour pros in 2021 and again in 2023.Ĭheck it out on Amazon Most Popular Putters Used by the Top 100 PGA Tour Pros It was also interesting for us to see what has changed since we last carried out this detailed study a couple of years back! While you would think the make and model of the putters used by some of the best players on the planet is where the putter story would end in the modern game things are never that straight forward.Īnd as we went deeper into our analysis the specialisation of putters grips as well as the putters themselves also became clearly apparent in addition to the frequency with which the top 100 will use custom made prototype putter models made specifically for them. Bettinardi and LAB Golf putters are played by 3 and 2 pros respectively. PING models are chosen by 15 with TaylorMade putters used by 9. Scotty Cameron putters are the next most popular with 32 using them. Odyssey putters are the most used by the top 100 PGA Tour pros with 33 choosing one including Jon Rahm and Sam Burns. So to see what the best pros in the business consider to be the best putters we analyzed in detail which model each of the top 100 golfers on the PGA Tour is using. In today’s game however, as with everything in golf, the models of putter available are almost endless and it can make your head hurt sometimes trying to work out which one will work best for you.īut with close to 40% of any golfer’s shots, irrespective of their standard, being played on the putting green it makes sense that a lot of attention is paid to putters and especially on the PGA Tour. Try to divide each task by assigning it evenly, and break it up in small increments to get the most desirable results.Choosing a putter used to be a relatively easy task simply because there were not that many options available. All tasks that need to be completed are listed and outlined in this plan. You can easily assign specific tasks to each employee or family member using the features here. This application will meet all your needs when planning your upcoming projects. If you want to buy something more, you can easily add it to this list. You can Additionally, you can share this list with your family members to quickly view the list you have created. To save time writing with pen and paper, you should check out this application to create a complete list with details of your groceries and the groceries you want to buy. Make a list of things you can buy anywhere or go to the supermarket In addition, you can check the plan and continue step by step without missing anything. This way, you’ll get reminders and notifications whenever it’s time to start working, so you don’t forget or neglect your work. ![]() Here you can update the list you want and make it more complete than ever.
My subscription renewal is coming due, so I decided to look around. I have been using NordVPN for the past three years on Windows, MacoS, iOS. Their apps and service has not been audited afaik and they are not open source either.Īgain, ive used their main product for a long time and have no reason to doubt their "reputability", but there are other vpns options out there which are doing more to safeguard your privacy. if its crucial for them they also probably assign you some identifier which is likely linked to your account. We retain Personal Data for as long as necessary to continue providing you with our products and services, or until you revoke your consent to share this information.Įxcept it is not "crucial" for a vpn to "understand how much traffic you are using". That is why we collect data about how you interact with our services, how much traffic you’ve used, and for how long have you been using our services. It is crucial for a VPN service to understand how much traffic you are using. that being said i do not use their vpn service because they collect too much information for my taste.Īt the very least they log and collect your connection timestamps: Im a adguard lifetime sub for some years now and couldnt be happier with their product. Omg, speedtests still show a speed loss of ~60% (vpn vs no vpn). I hope someone could answer my question or post a review. I "know" the company for years so I have no trust issues, I'd like to know how the VPN affects the overall user experience, pros and cons. Most reviews are just too good to be true, like very little cons and don't answer my questions about speed. To my surprise I can hardly find any 'objective' reviews and I don't understand why. But I saw the Valentines promo and that looks like a decent deal so I figured it was time to have a look at some reviews. I did try the beta but found it too slow and basically never looked back. I've been using Adguard for a long time, have multiple lifetime licenses but never really looked into their VPN. It works smooth with Adguard adblock and connection is good, no noticeable speed loss. I've no regrets and I will post a longer review soon. - Online reporting tool for missed ads/false positivesĮdit: I did it, I bought it.Public Telegram chat - a place for live discussion.At all times remember to be polite towards mods and other users.If you need to share a link, create a text post and include the link inside. Before creating a new topic, search within subreddit.If you'd like to become a beta tester, this is the place to go. Here you can ask any questions, leave your commentaries, and find latest AdGuard-related news. I'm uninstalling it everywhere at this point.This is an official subreddit for AdGuard - ad blocker and online privacy protection tool for various platforms: Windows, Android, Mac, iOS. Have used it for years and sing it's praises to others who now own it as well. Sure enough, disconnect the vpn and it works again. Even then, my wife has come to me multiple times and said her phone is broken. The only part that has seem to work ok is when I use it on an iPhone. I would check the server status and find them all in the red. On top of all of this, the servers seem to go dead fairly frequently. Now I cannot connect to anything even with the VPN off. Even worse, for some reason when I turned off the vpn when my torrent program was open it completely broke it. When I could even manage to connect the speeds were practically zero. With the VPN on it chokes it so much I can't even do it on one. Without it on I can stream 4k from multiple computers and TVs at the same time. ![]() I can't even stream a 4k video from YouTube anymore. It seems to happen when the machine wakes up from sleep, but also just randomly. ![]() I use a 2019 iMac that is all up to date. In about three weeks of using it I get at least one, sometimes two or three crashes a day. ![]() ![]() I love and own the core adblocker on a number of computers, and so figured I would try the vpn given the way it all integrates.
![]() The Domino's allergen menu is a list of menu items such as peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soy, fish, and shellfish that contain allergens or may come into contact with allergens during the preparation process. The selection at Domino's is excellent, and consumers may view unique selections on their home page. Dominos combos are trending these days, in addition to other things. ![]() Domino's pizza may be purchased with a variety of coupons from for the biggest savings. Due to their numerous one-for-one deals and ongoing online sale, Domino's pizza is virtually always discounted. Since its establishment in 1960, Domino's has grown to become one of the largest pizza franchises in the world. It is a fresh California pizza for everyone With 8 different toppings & an extra layer of cheeseĬomes with onions, mushrooms, & premium steakīest vegetarian pizza with lots of salad toppings Top 5 Domino's Pizza In US Right Now Best Domino's Pizza Dominos Mexican pizzas starting from $5.99 only.ĭo You Want Order Food Online At Discount Prices? Then You Must Checkout Our Food Category. Order the infamous Mexican green wave pizza loaded with veggies and special sauces. Dominos have a wide range of Mexican pizzas available in all sizes. The toppings are very thick and the crust is as usual. Mexican pizza is best for those who want extra spice, sauce and other veggies. Available in both veg and non-veg varieties. Buy 14 special pizzas available in the Hand Tossed category. Dominos has a wide range of hand-tossed pizzas available. Hand Tossed pizzas are made with softer dough and it's best for those who want their pizza’s crust crispier and flatter. Large pizzas will cost you $12.99 and extra large cost you $15.99 only. Classic tomato sauce and mozzarella options on toppings are recommended. They offer in only 2 sizes which is large and extra large. Dominos Brooklyn Style Pizzaĭomino’s Brookly Style pizza is typically big pizza with oversized slices that allows you to fold and enjoy it. Buy 10-inch gluten-free pizza is $10.49, and the regular 10-inch pie is $7.49. Wide range of toppings available including American Cheese, Anchovies, Bacon, Balsamic Dressing, Black Olives, Buttermilk Ranch Sauce, and more. It contains no wheat, barley, or rye and contains a gluten content of less than 20 ppm. This type of pizza is available for those who are on diet allergic to wheat. Gluten-free crust pizza is available at Domino. ![]() What are the best ways to save at Dominos? Dominos Gluten-Free Pizzas You can find them on these websites, then enter them in the promo code field on Domino's ordering page. Savings Tip #4: For Domino's promo codes, visit other discount websites run by third parties. Choose 2 or more items from Pizza, bread twists, marbled cookie brownies, etc at just $5.99 only. Savings Tip #3: Now both new and existing users can order Domino’s combo meal via the website/app or in-store. Also avail Up To 20% OFF On Pizza Orders. Users can also opt-in for text messages and push notifications for even more savings opportunities. Savings Tip #2: Sign up for Domino's email list to receive exclusive deals and promotions. This deal is applicable to Pizzas, Bread, Chicken, Pasta, Sandwiches, Salads & Desserts. Choose any 2 or more pizzas at just $6.99 each. Savings Tip #1: Dominos Mix & Match deal is here for all users. How Many Slices In A Large Domino’s Pizza?.How to activate Dominos physical gift card?.Toppings: Bacon, Onions, Black Olives, Pepperoni, Etc.| 9224 No Minimum Cart Value Required To Avail Deal | Valid On All Orders Online On Dominos Including Pizzas | 9223ĭominos Promo Code Is Live | Use Code | 6423ĭominos Pizza, Pasta, Sandwiches, Etc At 55% OFF | 9220Ĭhoose 2 orders Pizzas, With 3 Toppings & More | 9012 Domino’s Coupons, Coupon Codes & Promo Codes September 2023 ![]() ![]() There is a really good balance of light, light medium, medium and deep shades here. I genuinely love this because it shows that she wanted to make this range as inclusive as possible. She did a massive colour study of over 600 skin tones and actually developed the deepest shades first. When I was researching this foundation, I discovered that Charlotte Tilbury really did her homework when developing her shade range. And they are divided up by cool, neutral and warm undertones. Hold Airbrush Flawless Setting Spray 6-8 inches away & mist over your entire face before & after applying makeup! Avoid contact with eyes.The Airbrush Flawless Foundation has a whopping 44 shades in their line.
![]() The incremental updates take between 15 minutes up to one hour to complete.Īt 15:00GMT each day all new info from the XML files is imported into the BOINCstats database. The numbers from this update are used to display current credits and ranks for the stats only. Example with three columns:īOINCstats checks for XML updates every half hour, and, when available, downloads them, reads the content into the database and updates the credits and ranks. This is practical when you participate in many projects. ![]() You can find this number on the teams BOINC detailed statistics page.Īdding a number after the ID-number will get you a signature with the projects divided over multiple columns. The numbers are replaced with your teams BOINCstats ID. The signature URL for teams looks like this: You can find this number on your BOINC detailed statistics page. The numbers are replaced with your own BOINCstats ID number. The signature URL for users looks like this: The third thing you need to know is the URL for your stats banner: If you can't find out how to do those two things, please ask on the relevant site - BOINCstats can't help you further on these. On BOINC sites there is often a link 'How to use BBtags' on the pages where you can use them. Secondly how to include a graphic image in a signature. You need to know three different things to get this working:įirst how to set up a signature on the relevant site on a BOINC site try looking under forum preference How do I create my own signature graphic? This project (unfortunately) does't follow BOINC rules. There is one project where these rules do not apply and all your credit will transfer with you to another team, and that project is Climate Prediction. That this is not always correct is obvious, but unfortunately this is something we can do nothing about. Therefore the percentage is based on your total credit. If this is a small or new team then you can easily have more credit than the team.Īt the moment it is not possible to calculate how much credit you have contributed to your current team. So, if you already had credits when you joined the team then the team doesn't get all your credits. Only his newly earned credits will be awarded to the team as well. A member that already has credits doesn't take these with him to the team when he joins. When it finishes with a calculation, it will send the completed work to the grid server and then ask the grid server for more work.For this a little background knowledge is needed about the workings of team credit in BOINC: Teams get their credit from their members, but only the credit that a member earns while he is a member of the team. The agent will run on your device whenever it determines that there is unused processor capacity available. Once you have downloaded and installed the agent, there's nothing that you have to do. What was the United Devices (UD) Agent software?ĭo I have to do anything on a daily basis?.I am running on my computer? Will I be able to run both and World Community Grid?.How can I change the screensaver resource limits on my computer?.Do I need to use the World Community Grid screen saver in order to contribute to World Community Grid?.How do I shut down or change my screen saver?.Will the software run faster if I do not run the screen saver?.How do I set the software to not run while I am using the computer?.What does this mean and how do I get it to connect now? The software keeps writing "Deferring communication with project for W days, X hours, Y minutes, and Z seconds".I have a result that the BOINC Manager reports as being "Ready to Report." What does that mean?.I need to completely stop the agent for a while.How do I keep the software from running while my laptop is only using battery power?.How do I set up my system so that the windows agent starts for several or all of the users that log in?.How do I set up the software to automatically start on Windows?.My computer seems to be running slow since I installed the World Community Grid agent?.Why does the software immediately download a large file as soon as it is started?.How do I make the software recognize the free space on a separate drive/partition?.Will running the World Community Grid Software affect my regular use of my device?. ![]() Do I have to leave my device on all the time for this to work? Or always be online?.How do I check to see if I have the latest version of the World Community Grid application?.Do I have to do anything on a daily basis?. ![]() Much more promising are much smaller devices using highly nonequilibrium, pulsed regimes, such as the so-called dense plasma focus (DPF). Construction of the International Toroidal Experimental Reactor (ITER) (left). Model of ITER reaction chamber. ![]() From the standpoint of actually realizing fusion as a commercial power source, though, the ITER looks very much like a dead end. In my opinion, the ITER is valuable primarily as a platform for plasma research, technology development and as a means of supporting an ecosystem of scientists and engineers working in relevant areas. Today the scene is dominated by the gigantic International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, now under construction in Cadarache, France. using magnetic fields to counteract its enormous force of expansion. The first strategy is to confine the hot plasma in a “magnetic bottle,” i.e. The effort to solve this problem has led to two very different strategies. Without mechanisms to confine it, the heated fuel will expand explosively and quickly lose the density required for significant numbers of reactions to take place. Million-degree temperatures generate astronomically high pressures. Predicting and controlling the behavior of plasmas at high energies is a formidable task, even with the help of the fastest supercomputers. For the physicist a paradise, or a nightmare, depending on how you look at it. There are collisional and quantum effects etc. Plasmas exhibit an enormous variety of different types of waves and oscillations they emit electromagnetic radiation, they display collective, self-organizing properties. One speaks of “magneto-hydrodynamics.” Plasma behavior is by its very nature highly nonlinear. Their motion gives rise to electric currents and magnetic fields, which in turn act upon the whole plasma. Already at much lower temperatures, the fuel turns into a plasma: the electrons (or most of them) are no longer bound to the nuclei, but swarm around more or less freely, as do the nuclei, albeit still pushed and pulled around by the forces of attraction and repulsion among them. Much more than heating is involved, though. This is also the origin of the term thermonuclear weapon to denote what is more popularly known as a “hydrogen bomb.” In the fusion business, until now, one speaks mainly of thermonuclear fusion: fusion reactions induced by raising the fuel to million-degree temperatures. New approaches are evidently needed, in fact, a new paradigm, which one might call the “non-thermal paradigm.” Plasma physics: paradise or nightmare? Meanwhile, after well over half a century of worldwide efforts, and investments ranging into the tens of billions of dollars, it is still not possible to predict with any degree of certainty when power stations based on the D-T reaction might actually come online. ![]() Unfortunately, hydrogen boron reactions occur in significant numbers only under very extreme physical conditions – even much harder to realize than the deuterium-tritium (D-T) reaction, which has until now been at the focus of fusion research. In the previous installment of this series, Jonathan Tennenbaum explained how the nuclear fusion reaction between hydrogen and boron could provide a basis for highly-efficient, radioactivity-free generation of electricity, with virtually unlimited reserves of fuel. |
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